Holloran Center Symposia

Professional Identity Formation – Looking Back and Looking Ahead

Symposium Date: April 25, 2026

Details Forthcoming

Article	Author(s)	Description	Law Journal Views/Downloads	Law Journal Record Views	SSRN Views/Downloads
TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD

Transitioning from Student to Lawyer: Infusing Professional Identity Formation into the Required Curriculum

Symposium Date: April 21, 2024

University of St. Thomas Law Journal, Volume 20: Issue 3

Article	Author(s)	Description	Law Journal Views/Downloads	Law Journal Record Views	SSRN Views/Downloads
Videos, Powerpoints & Other Teaching Materials as Catalysts for Professional Identity Formation	Martha M. Ertman	This article is a transcript of Martha M. Ertman's presentation at the Professional Identity Symposium at the University of St. Thomas School of Law. Included throughout are various teaching materials.	293	24	n/a
"Thinking Like a Lawyer" with a Client: Professional Identity Formation in Property	Jerome Organ	This article focuses on professional identity formation in a student's first year of law school based on their lived experiences in the classroom. Organ emphasizes how professors can and need to be more intentional on providing a classroom environment focused on cultivating professional identity formation.	28	31	n/a
Pro Humanitate: Developing Leaders of Character in the Law	Kenneth Townsend	This article outlines and reflects a character-based account of professional identity formation modeled after Wake Forest University's School of Law and Program for Leadership and Character. Townsend outlines how a modified version of a professional identity course elevated and integrated a character-based approach to professional identity formation.	27	36	n/a
Integrating Professional Identity into the Traditional Classroom	Michael Vitiello	This article illustrates Vitiello's personal experience as a Civil Procedure professor and how the integration of simulations and experiential learning play a role in forming professional identity in the classroom.	9	20	n/a
Standard 303 and the Development of Student Professional Identity: A Framework for the Intentional Exploration of the Profession's Core Values	Neil Hamilton, Jerome Organ, David A. Grenardo, Louis D. Bilionis, Barbara A. Glesner Fines, and Kendall L. Kerew	This multi-author article offers a framework for understanding and implementing the core values of the profession following the change in the ABA Standard 303. This article discusses Standard 303's impact on the requirement for law schools to help students develop a professional identity.	49	54	557
Breaking Down Silos and Building Up Students: The Transformational Possibilities of Professional Identity Formation	Lindsey P. Gustafson, Aric K. Short, and Robin Thorner	This multi-author article puts emphasis on how professional identity formation efforts can occur all throughout a law school's operations, from administrative to classrooms to student activities.	63	20	189
Rolling Up Our Sleeves: Using Public Health to Address Labor Trafficking	Elizabeth Eckholm	This article argues that integrating a public health approach that emphasizes trauma-informed care, comprehensive victim services, and greater awareness into existing criminal justice systems can better equip stakeholders to identify and support victims on their path to healing.	7	8	n/a
Professional Responsibility and Professional Identity Formation in a Community of Practice with Alumni	Neil Hamilton	This article explores a new approach to the required Professional Responsibility course that combines the law, legal analysis, and compliance with a community of practice to better understand social and situation lawyering.	49	18	112
The Rest of the Story: Using WORLD-WIDE VOLKSWAGEN V. WOODSON to Explore Professional Identity in Civil Procedure	Daisy Hurst Floyd	This article discusses different professional identity formation exercises through the lens of the 1L civil procedure course, and explains how they can be modified for use in other doctrinal courses.	381	13	n/a
Professional Responsibility in the Professional Responsibility Course: A Deep Dive into SPAULDING V. ZIMMERMAN	Timothy W. Floyd	This article emphasizes the importance of the professional responsibility course being at the center a law school's efforts to comply with Standard 303(b)(3). Floyd dissects the meaning of professional identity formation in the context of Spaulding v. Zimmerman.	34	14	n/a
Using Principles of Self-Determination Theory to Encourage Teamwork	Lindsey P. Gustafson	This article recommends using principles of self-determination theory to minimize student resistance to group work and maximize the likelihood that law students will positively engage in collaborative learning. Gustafson emphasizes the importance teamwork has on professional identity formation.	9	19	n/a
Integrating Artificial Intelligence Tools into the Formation of Professional Identity	Colleen E. Medill	This article describes how a lawyer's use of AI in the practice of law is an essential component of a lawyer's professional identity that must be intentionally developed as a law student prior to entering the practice of law. Medill emphasizes the integration of AI use to assist student's in forming their professional identities.	46	23	306
Collaborating to Create a 1L Professional Identity Curriculum	Paula Schaefer & Joy Radice	This article proposes a curriculum focused on the formation of first-year students' professional identities and its continued development over their second and third year. This article argues the importance of collaboration as a key to successful professional identity curriculum.	14	24	n/a
Room to Grow: Exorcising the Curse of Coverage to Make Room for Professional Identity Formation	Barbara A. Glesner Fines	This article explores the phenomenon known as "the curse of coverage". Glesner Fines discusses that core learning goals do not need to be sacrificed in order to combine professional identity formation with knowledge and skill development.	4	29	n/a
Professional Identity Formation Through Exploring Academic, Professional, and Personal Well-Being	Andrele Brutus St. Val & Ann Sinsheimer	This multi-author article explores student well-being and professional identity through the lens of students' personal, academic, and professional well-being. This article discusses a new course where these concepts are explored with students further.	64	45	136
Leveraging Professional Identity Formation in the Doctrinal Law School Class	Louis D. Bilionis	This article describes the implementation of professional identity formation in doctrinal law school courses. Bilionis notes how an intentional focus on professional identity can promote doctrinal learning.	6	7	69
Using Technology to Promote Well-Being and Foster Professional Identity Formation in the 1L Classroom	Kendall L. Kerew	This article discusses the importance of well-being and how technology can be used to foster professional identity formation during the first year, including through the use of meditation and online tool, EasyRetro.	19	15	82
Forming Professional Identity and Ethical Decision-Making Through Exercises That Also Deepen Students' Grasp of Civil Procedure	Benjamin V. Madison III	This article emphasizes the need for professional identity formation and intentional methods designed to promote internal reflection, awareness, and growth in identifying students' internal values and ways to maintain these within the student's moral compass.	42	19	134
The Guided Sequence for Formation of Professional Identity	David I. C. Thomson	This article explores the Carnegie Report's impact on the current professional identity curriculum in law schools. Thomson describes how professional identity formation is more than just professionalism.	13	9	137
Creating a Culture of Professionalism: Equipping Students for the Practicalities and Paradoxes of the Legal Profession	Leah W. Teague, Elizabeth M. Fraley, and Stephen L. Rispoli	This multi-author article dives into the history of professional identity formation and its context within the legal profession. The article proposes pathways to create a culture of professionalism for law students, and emphasizes the importance of continued evolution in this area.	53	17	52

Twenty-Five Years Since MacCrate's Four Professional Values and Ten Years Since Educating Lawyers and Best Practices: The Next Steps of a Professional Formation Social Movement Symposium

Symposium Date: February 17, 2017

University of St. Thomas Law Journal, Volume 14: Issue 2

Article	Author(s)	Description	Law Journal Views/Downloads	Law Journal Record Views	SSRN Views/Downloads
After Ten Years: The Carnegie Report and Contemporary Legal Education	William M. Sullivan	This article reviews the context of the Carnegie Report and outlines strategies for changing legal education that emerged in response to issues raised in the Carnegie Report. Sullivan aims to contribute to the conversation surrounding the improvement and reshaping of legal education.	1076	320	n/a
The Elusive "High Road" for Lawyers: Teaching Professional Responsibility in a Shifting Context	Bryant G. Garth	This article written explores how taking the "high road" in a student's professional career has an impact on your professional reputation. Garth discusses his outlook on what the high road is, who it benefits, and what role it plays in the legal profession.	1010	127	94
The Next Steps of a Formation-of-Student-Professional Identity Social Movement: Building Bridges Among the Three Key Stakeholders - Faculty and Staff, Students, and Legal Employers and Clients	Neil Hamilton	This article synthesizes various articles to understand the formation of student professional identity, how faculty, students, and legal employers foster the formation of a student's professional identity, and strategies that increase the number of students who experience professional identity curriculum.	304	148	287
Is There Sufficient Human Resource Capacity to Support Robust Professional Identity Formation Learning Outcomes?	Jerome M. Organ	This article recognizes a limitation in the human resource capacity of law schools when encouraging a greater emphasis on professional identity formation. Organ identifies steps that may provide incentives for law schools to focus on professional identity.	269	150	n/a
Picturing Professionals: The Emergence of a Lawyer's Identity	Barbara Glesner Fines	This article explores how artwork presents advantages for assessing professional identity formation. Fines analyzes how the use of student drawings can be used as an assessment method to access these unique outcomes involved in professional identity.	214	118	n/a
Practical Lessons Learned While Building a Required Course for Professional Identity Formation	Danny DeWalt	This article reflects on lessons learned while developing a required course, Introduction for Professional Formation, for first-year students.	665	80	n/a
What Does the Fox Say: Domestic Violence, Personal Jurisdiction, and the State's Sovereignty in Declaring the Protected Status of its Citizens	Aaron Edward Brown	This article contributes to existing scholarship by examining which liberty interests traditional Orders for Protection (OFPs) may still infringe absent personal jurisdiction, and clarifying what relief could be granted while comporting with due process. Brown proposes two solutions that balance the interests of victims and alleged abusers and address the recent split among state courts of last resort.	362	154	33
Building on the Professionalism Foundation of Best Practices for Legal Education	Paula Schaefer	This article analyzes the book Best Practices' continued influence on professionalism pedagogy and scholarship. Schaefer discusses interdisciplinary work in the area of behavioral legal ethics and its impact on professional education.	260	77	n/a
Bringing Purposefulness to the American Law School's Support of Professional Identity Formation	Louis D. Bilionis	This article provides insight for those seeking guidance on how a law school can be purposeful in fostering the formation of a student's professional identity.	307	139	209
Self-Directedness and Professional Formation: Connecting Two Critical Concepts in Legal Education	Larry O. Natt Gantt & Benjamin V. Madison	This multi-author article discusses the connection between self-directedness and professional formation. This article analyzes the current efforts of law schools to promote these two concepts, and suggests curricular enhancements.	462	182	287
Fostering Wholehearted Lawyers: Practical Guidance for Supporting Law Students' Professional Identity Formation	Susan L. Brooks	This article reflects on scholarship within the past twenty-five years on professional identity formation. Brooks suggests practices that can be applied in daily interactions and classroom settings that continue to foster this movement.	594	290	238
Professional-Identity/Professional-Formation/Professionalism Learning Outcomes: What Can We Learn About Assessment from Medical Education	Neil Hamilton	This article explores how competency-based accreditation changes offer law schools a significant opportunity to differentiate their education and better prepare graduates for employment. Hamilton draws on medical education's fifteen-year head start and distills key "lessons learned" for assessing professional-identity learning outcomes.	513	191	498
What Can the Legal Profession Learn from the Medical Profession About the Next Steps?	Dr. Eric Holmboe & Dr. Robert Englander	This article is a presentation summary synthesizing Dr. Holmboe's and Dr. Englander's combined experience with medical education's movement toward competency based education.	242	113	n/a

What Legal Employers and Clients Want: The Competence Model Approach to Legal Success

Symposium Date: October 28, 2013

University of St. Thomas Law Journal, Volume 11: Issue 1

Author(s)	Description	Article	Law Journal Views/Downloads	Law Journal Record Views	SSRN Views/Downloads
What Legal Employers and Clients Want: The Competence-Model Approach to Legal Success	Neil Hamilton	This article analyzes empirical evidence on law firm competency models and reports of a new empirical study of the fourteen largest Minnesota law firms. Hamilton argues that a law student's three years should be focused on developing competencies legal employers and clients want.	454	72	n/a
Law Firm Competency Models and Student Professional Success: Building on a Foundation of Professional Formation/Professionalism	Neil Hamilton	This article evaluates all empirical research on the values, virtues, capacities, and skills in law firm competency models that define competencies of the most effective and successful lawyers.	6785	147	1499
Can Competences Drive Change in the Legal Profession	Terri Mottershead & Sandee Magliozzi	This article identifies and analyzes changes in the legal industry in the context of the competency movement. This article explores how these changes are reflected in competencies, and provides framework for implementing competency models in law schools and law firms.	356	81	n/a
The Evolving Practice of Law: Competency Development in Law Firm Combinations	Ann Rainhart	This article focuses on how law firm combinations provide a significant opportunity to utilize competency development to cultivate a strong culture and create a process for further change initiatives.	397	97	n/a
The Outside Investor: Citizen Shareholders & Corporation Alienation	Anne M. Tucker	This article explores the creation and conundrum of citizen shareholders–investors who enter the securities market primarily through employer sponsored defined-contribution plans, invest in mutual or index funds, and are saving for long-term goals like retirement. Rainhart proposes theoretical and practical approaches to better incorporate the interests of citizen shareholders into the market.	290	88	130
Competency-Based Performance Management: A Remedy for Eroding Firm Culture	Susan G. Manch	This article illustrates the growth of law firms and their cultural change, and their impact on law students. Manch explores the change that law firms are experiencing as they embrace competency-based development model structures.	447	127	n/a

Empirical Professional Ethics: Ethical Development in the Learning and Practice of Law

Symposium Date: September 22, 2012

University of St. Thomas Law Journal, Volume 10: Issue 1

Article	Author(s)	Description	Law Journal Views/Downloads	Law Journal Record Views	SSRN Views/Downloads
Question: Who Says $20 Million Dollars Isn't Substantial? Answer: The IRS Does the "Substantial" Problems with the Laws of Tax Exempt Organizations	Robert Singleton	This article discusses the misconceptions when it comes to the laws of tax-exempt organizations, specifically churches. Singleton analyzes the facts surrounding the Mormon Church and its involvement in Proposition 8 to illustrate how deficiencies in §501(c)(3) allow large charitable organizations to circumvent political lobbying restrictions.	420	82	n/a
The History of Minnesota's Judicial Elections: A Description and Analysis of the Changes in Judicial Election Laws and Their Effect on the Competitiveness of Minnesota's Judicial Elections	Jesse Sater	This article examines Minnesota judicial election results from the past 155 years. Sater illustrates the how elections have become increasingly less competitive, and examines changes behind this.	1198	112	n/a
Officious Meddler or Ethical Advocate? Corporate Counsel's Model Rule 1.13 Obligation to Report Up the Ladder: Defining "Related to the Representation"	Christopher J. Motz	This article evaluates the Model Rules of Professional Conduct, and argues that the Model Rules use a phrase in Rule 1.13 with a substantially different meaning than its similar phrase in Rule 1.6.	1593	145	n/a
Gaining from the System: Lessons from the Law School Survey of Student Engagement About Student Development in Law School	Carole Silver, Louis Rocconi, Heather Haeger, and Lindsay Watkins	This article considers the factors that influence law students' assessment of their professional and academic development during law school. This article uses survey responses to identify student activities that relate to professional and academic gains.	631	128	419
Rich, Smart, Honest?: Does Success Lead to Unethical Lawyering?	Jeremy Kidd & Michael Krauss	This article contributes to the dialogue surrounding how legal education impacts the lawyer's baseline moral identity. This article examines research and survey data which suggest a possible correlation between ethical standards and various indications of law school "class" status.	848	114	121
Leadership Education: Who Enrolls and How It Helps	Heather Bock, Lori Berman, and Juliet Aiken	This article reviews the rise of behavioral competencies and behavioral skills training in law firms. This article further analyzes how personality traits may influence attendance of elective training in a large law firm setting.	232	69	n/a
Practical Wisdom: Reimagining Legal Education	Daisy Hurst Floyd	This article focuses on ethical formation and its impact on who lawyers become. Floyd proposes that we can conceive of the purpose of ethical formation as developing lawyers who exercise practical wisdom.	752	233	n/a
Money and Meaning: The Moral Economy of Law Firm Compensation	Milton C. Regan & Lisa H. Rohrer	This article discusses the complex significance of the partner compensation process in large law firms. Based on interviews with lawyers, the authors examine the affect that partner compensation process has on firm culture.	1424	269	144
Empirical Evidence That Legal Education Can Foster Student Professionalism/Professional Formation to Become an Effective Lawyer	Neil Hamilton, Verna E. Monson, and Jerome M. Organ	This article argues that legal education should move toward curricula, culture, and pedagogies to foster each student's professionalism. This article explains empirical evidence supporting this proposition.	739	243	470
Empirical Professional Ethics: Ethical Development in the Learning and Practice of Law	Neil Hamilton	This article lays out the framework for the symposium which is aimed to analyze ethical development in the learning and practice of law.	222	83	n/a
Cooperation-Competition and Constructive Controversy in Developing Professional Ethics in Law School Classes	David W. Johnson, Roger T. Johnson, and Verna Monson	This article presents evidence concerning the impact of cooperative and competitive learning as well as constructive controversy on the development of professional ethics by law students.	808	174	216
Adopting Law Firm Management System to Survive and Thrive: A Study of the Australian Approach to Management-Based Regulation	Susan Fortney & Tahlia Gordon	This multi-author article examines survey findings of an Australian law firm, focusing on the relationship between the self-assessment process and the ethics norms, systems, conduct, and culture in firms.	1567	196	777

The Lawyer's Role and Professional Formation

Symposium Date: September 23, 2011

University of St. Thomas Law Journal, Volume 9: Issue 2

Article	Author(s)	Description	Law Journal Views/Downloads	Law Journal Record Views	SSRN Views/Downloads
Foreword	Robert K. Vischer	This article provides an outline for the symposium, which is focused on the nature of the lawyer's role and professional formation within the legal arena.	198	139	n/a
Legal Education's Ethical Challenge: Empirical Research on How Most Effectively to Foster Each Student's Professional Formation (Professionalism)	Neil Hamilton	This multi-author article analyzes the term "professionalism" and how this word has continued to develop in terms of internalization of the profession's foundational principles into each practicing lawyer's moral core. This article examines the five Carnegie Foundation studies, and the different meanings attributed to "professionalism" within different fields.	784	154	492
Professional Role and Professional Judgment: Theory and Practice in Legal Ethics	Katherine R. Kruse	This article explores the relationship between the exercise of professional judgment and academic theories about lawyers' professional role. Kruse argues that although theory is not directly applicable to practice, a robust theoretical debate in the field of legal ethics deepens understanding and sharpens accountability in the field of legal ethics.	232	69	n/a
What Lawyers Lack: Leadership	Deborah L. Rhode	This article emphasizes how many lawyers lack the capacity and preparation for effective leadership. Rhode argues that preparation for leadership should be a significant priority in legal education.	1864	443	n/a
Calling Law a "Profession" Only Confuses Thinking About the Challenges Lawyers Face	Thomas D. Morgan	This article looks at different ways "professionalism" has been defined and used. Morgan suggests that professionalism best describes qualities of personal character, and not an occupational role, and paves the way for a different understanding of this term.	520	149	234
Lawyers and the New Institutionalism	Paul R. Tremblay & Judith A. McMorrow	This article to examines the ethical behavior and sentiments of lawyers with reference to the organizational context in which they work. The authors aim to understand the importance of organizational and institutional settings to a lawyer's professional identity.	330	88	115
Self-Deception and the Pursuit of Ethical Practice: Challenges Faced by Large Law Firm General Counsel	Kimberly Kirkland	This article focuses on large firm general counsel views on internal ethical dynamics with other lawyers, and how this impacts their commitment to ethical practice.	375	93	n/a
The Pressures of Billable Hours: Lessons from a Survey of Billing Practices Inside Law Firms	Christine Parker & David Ruschena	This multi-author article dives into the pressures in private practice that lead lawyers to engage in unethical behavior, including billable hour targets and time-based billing practices.	2128	758	761
"Millennial Momentum" for Revising the Rhetoric of Lawyers' Relationships and Roles	Amelia J. Uelmen	This article reflects on the characteristics of students now entering law school, and considers how generational sensitivities and values may bring fresh insight into our conceptions of the professional role.	570	124	n/a

Conference on Empirical Professional Ethics

Symposium Date: November 6, 2010

University of St. Thomas Law Journal, Volume 8: Issue 2

Article	Author(s)	Description	Law Journal Views/Downloads	Law Journal Record Views	SSRN Views/Downloads
Specialty Bars as a Site of Professionalism: The Immigration Bar Example	Leslie C. Levin	This article describes the role that bar associations have in the legal community, specifically a focus on the immigration bar, and seeks to examine more closely the process by which specialty bars operate as a site of professionalism.	2443	131	126
Link: Ethical Professional (Trans)Formation: Early Career Lawyers Make Sense of Professionalism	Verna E. Monson and Neil W. Hamilton	This multi-author article investigates early-career lawyers' understanding of professionalism using Robert Kegan's theory of lifespan identity development. This article provides a baseline of identity development for early career lawyers.	713	147	513
Recovering Lost Profits: The Resurrection of Subsidiaries (Is There Life on Mars?)	Bryce Young	This article analyzes Mars, Inc. v. Coin Acceptors, Inc. and discusses the potential benefits and advantages to dividing patent rights, specifically to subsidiaries, and why this may have caused some companies to risk lost profits from patent infringement.	2201	181	n/a
What Do We Know About the Satisfaction/Dissatisfaction of Lawyers? A Meta-Analysis of Research on Lawyer Satisfaction and Well-Being	Jerome M. Organ	This article summarizes all of the empirical work on lawyer satisfaction and dissatisfaction and attempts to reconcile this conflicting data. Organ provides thoughts for further research and thoughts on what legal education can do to better frame students' expectations for the practice of law.	4299	384	470
The Most Ethical of People, the Least Ethical of People: Proposing Self-Determination Theory to Measure Professional Character Formation	Lawrence S. Krieger	This article proposes that self-determination theory can be a powerful tool for understanding attorney motivation and behavior, and answers questions regarding ethics and professionalism.	1827	210	201
Empirical Professional Ethics Symposium of the University of St. Thomas Law Journal	Daisy Hurst Floyd	This article summarizes the symposium articles and provides an outline of the discussion surrounding professionalism and ethics.	216	110	n/a
Rethinking Culture: Organized Pro Bono and the External Sources of Law Firm Culture	Steven A. Boutcher	This article focuses on the organization of pro bono practice across large law firms through the lens of law firm culture. Boutcher questions what role law firm culture plays in the current wave of organized pro bono.	1070	201	n/a

The Formation of an Ethical Professional Identity in the Peer-Review Professions

Symposium Date: February 2, 2008

University of St. Thomas Law Journal, Volume 5: Issue 2

Article	Author(s)	Description	Law Journal Views/Downloads	Law Journal Record Views	SSRN Views/Downloads
More Than a Mere Contract: Marriage as Contract and Covenant in Law and Theology	John Witte & Joel A. Nichols	This multi-author article discusses the emergence of covenant marriage laws as an expression of marriage being "more than a mere contract," and how this differs from traditional common law marriage.	1993	216	697
Making Marriages Stronger: A Multi-Tiered Approach Based on Traditional Jewish Understandings of Marriage	Elliott N. Dorff	This article looks at definitions of marriage in Jewish and American law, and examines the three elements of traditional Jewish structured marriages: the personal, the social, and the religious.	420	55	n/a
The Formation of an Ethical Professional Identity in the Peer-Review Professions	Neil Hamilton	This article provides the framework for the symposium, while describing the Holloran Center for Ethical Leadership's mission in fostering the holistic formation of both students and legal professionals.	391	109	n/a
Formation of Professionalism and Purpose: Perspectives from the Preparation for the Professions Program	Anne Colby & William M. Sullivan	This multi-author article asks how education can prepare individuals for various professions to ensure not only technical competence, but commitment to their field's public purpose and ethical standards. This article suggests how to strengthen education for the formation of ethical professional identity.	2544	601	n/a
The Engineering Cultures Syllabus as Formation Narrative: Critical Participation in Engineering Education through Problem Definition	Gary Lee Downey	This article examines the problem of professional formation in engineering education through the lens of a course syllabus.	714	296	n/a
Identity and Integrity in Clergy Formation	Charles R. Foster	This article focuses on the pedagogies and cultures of seminary teaching and learning, and how this education contributes to the identity and integrity of the clergy.	517	91	n/a
Assessing Professionalism: Measuring Progress in the Formation of an Ethical Professional Identity	Neil Hamilton	This article addresses whether it is possible to undertake assessment of a student's or practicing professional's professionalism. Hamilton explores the importance of professionalism, and proposes a clear definition for the legal profession.	1661	260	1272
Fostering Professionalism and Integrity in Research	Nicholas H. Stenek	This article examines researchers, with particular attention to their ideals for professional behavior, the extent to which they achieve these ideals and methods for fostering the formation of an awareness of their ethical obligations during professional education.	425	109	n/a
Medical Professionalism and the Formation of Residents: A Journey Toward Authenticity	David C. Leach	This article describes Leach's observations about medical professionalism through educational residency programs, the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME). Leach seeks to understand how to foster authentic professionalism in fields where young people are morally challenged.	344	120	n/a
Promoting Ethical Development and Professionalism: Insights from Education Research in the Professions	Muriel C. Bebeau	This article provides a conceptual framework and a base of evidence that educators can use to craft educational programs to promote ethical development and professionalism in a meaningful way. Bebeau seeks to provide educators with an analysis to help shape future programs.	1792	343	n/a